Diwali, the festival of lights, is celebrated all over the country. It marks the new year for the business community. It symbolises the return to Ayodhya by Lord Rama after his victory over Ravana. In a GOAN OBSERVER special we highlight the symoblism of the festival of lights and prays that it will lead Goans from the darkness of fascism into the light of genuine secular democracy. We also take the opportunity to wish all our readers, advertisers, distributors and well wishers a Happy Diwali .

DIWALI IS THE most well known Indian festival. The word Diwali is the corruption of the Sanskrit word Deepavali — Deepa meaning light and Avali , meaning a row. It means a row of lights and indeed illumination forms its main attraction. The common practice is to light small oil lamps ( diyas ) and place them around the home, in courtyards, verandahs, and gardens, as well as on roof-tops and outer walls. In urban areas, especially, candles are substituted for diyas; and among the nouveau riche, neon lights are made to substitute candles. This is done to welcome Lakshmi, the Goddess of wealth and prosperity. Multi-coloured Rangoli designs, floral decorations and fireworks lend beauty and grandeur to this festival which heralds joy, mirth and happiness in the ensuing year.

Diwali , or more aptly Deepavali , is very enthusiastically celebrated for five continuous days and each day has its significance with a number of myths, legends and beliefs. The first day is called Dhanteras or Dhantrayodashi which falls on the thirteenth day of the month of Kartik . The word Dhan means wealth. As such this day of the five-day Diwali festival has great importance for the rich mercantile community of Western India. Houses and business premises are renovated and decorated. Entrances are made colourful with lovely traditional motifs of Rangoli designs to welcome the Goddess of wealth and prosperity. To indicate her long-awaited arrival, small footprints are drawn with rice flour and vermilion powder all over the houses. Lamps are kept burning all through the nights.

Believing this day to be auspicious, women purchase some gold or silver or at least one or two new utensils. Lakshmi-Puja is performed in the evenings when tiny diyas of clay are lit to drive away the shadows of evil spirits. Bhajans - devotional songs - in praise of Goddess Laxmi are sung and Naivedya of traditional sweets is offered to the Goddess. There is a peculiar custom in Maharashtra to lightly pound dry coriander seeds with jaggery and offer as Naivedya .

In villages cattles are adorned and worshipped by farmers as they form the main source of their income. In the south, cows are offered special veneration as they are supposed to be the incarnation of Goddess Lakshmi and therefore they are adorned and worshipped on this day.

A very interesting story about this day is of the sixteen-year-old son of King Hima. As per his horoscope, he was doomed to die by a snake-bite on the fourth day of his marriage. On that particular day, his young wife did not allow him to sleep. She laid all the ornaments and lots of gold and silver coins in a big heap at the entrance of her husband's boudoir and lighted innumerable lamps all over the place. And she went on telling stories and singing songs. When Yam, the god of Death arrived there in the guise of a serpent, his eyes got blinded by the dazzle of those brilliant lights and he could not enter the Prince's chamber. So he climbed on top of the heap of the ornaments and coins and sat there the whole night listening to the melodious songs. In the morning, he quietly went away.

Thus the young wife saved her husband from the clutches of death. Since then this day of Dhanteras came to be known as the day of Yamadeepdaan and lamps are kept burning throughout the night in reverential adoration to Yam, the god of Death.

THE SECOND DAY
THE second day is called Narka-chaturdashi or Choti Diwal which falls on the fourteenth day of the month of Kartik . The story goes that the demon king Narakasura, ruler of Pragjyotishpur (a province to the South of Nepal), after defeating Lord Indra, had snatched away the magnificent earrings of Aditi, the Mother Goddess and imprisoned sixteen thousand daughters of the gods and saints in his harem.

On the day before Naraka-chaturdashi , Lord Krishna killed the demon and liberated the imprisoned damsels and also recovered those precious earrings of Aditi. As a symbol of that victory Lord Krishna smeared his forehead with the demon king's blood. Krishna returned home in the very early morning of the Narakachaturdashi day. The womenfolk massaged his body with scented oil and gave him a good bath to wash away the filth. Since then the custom of taking bath before sunrise on this day has become a traditional practice, especially in Maharashtra.

In South India, that victory of the divine over the mundane is celebrated in a very peculiar way. People wake up before sunrise, prepare blood by mixing Kumkum in oil and after breaking a bitter fruit that represents the head of the demon King that was smashed by Krishna, apply that mixture on their foreheads. Then they have an oil bath using sandalwood paste.

In Maharashtra also, traditional early baths with oil and Uptan (paste) of gram flour and fragrant powders are a ‘must'. All through the ritual of baths, deafening sounds of crackers and fireworks are there in order that the children enjoy bathing. Afterwards steamed vermicelli with milk and sugar or puffed rice with curd is served.

Another legend is about King Bali of the nether world whose mighty power had become a threat to the gods. In order to curb his powers, Lord Vishnu, in the guise of a Batu Waman - a small boy, visited him and begged him to give him only that much land which he could cover with his three steps. Known for his philanthropy King Bali proudly granted him his wish. That very moment that small boy transformed himself into the all-powerful Lord Vishnu. With his first step, Lord Vishnu covered heaven and with the second step the earth and asked Bali where to keep his third step. Bali offered his head. Putting his foot on his head Vishnu pushed him down to the underworld. At the same time, for his generosity, Lord Vishnu gave him the lamp of knowledge and allowed him to return to earth once a year to light millions of lamps to dispel the darkness and ignorance and spread the radiance of love and wisdom. This Narakachaturdashi day therefore is dedicated to lights and prayers heralding a future full of joy and laughter.

THE THIRD DAY
THE third day of the festival of Diwali is the most important day of Lakshmi-Puja which is entirely devoted to the propitiation of Goddess Lakshmi. This day is also known by the name of Chopada-Puja . On this very day, the sun enters its second course and passes Libra which is represented by the balance or scale. Hence, this design of Libra is believed to have suggested the balancing of account books and their closing. Despite the fact that this day falls on an amavasya day it is regarded as the most auspicious.

The day of Lakshmi-Puja falls on the dark night of Amavasya. The strains of joyous sounds of bells and drums float from the temples as man invokes Goddess Lakshmi in a wondrous holy “pouring-in” of his heart. All of a sudden that impenetrable darkness is pierced by innumerable rays of light for just a moment, then a blaze of light descends down to aEarth from heaven as golden-footed Deep-Lakshmi alights on earth in all her celestial glory amidst chantings of Vedic hymns.

A living luminance of Universal Motherhood envelopes the entire world in that blessed moment of fulfillment of a long-awaited dream of the mortal. A sublime light of knowledge dawns upon humanity and devotion of man finally conquers ignorance. This self enlightenment is expressed through the twinkling lamps that illuminate the palaces of the wealthy as well as the lowly abodes of the poor. It is believed that on this day Lakshmi walks through the green fields and loiters through the bye-lanes and showers her blessings on man for plenty and prosperity. When the sun sets in the evening and ceremonial worship is finished, all the home-made sweets are offered to the goddess as “Naivedya” and distributed as “Prasad”. Feasts are arranged and gifts are exchanged on this day gaily dressed men, women and children go to temples and fairs, visit friends and relatives. Everything is gay, gold and glitter!

One of the most curious customs which characterises this festival of Diwali is the indulgence of gambling, specially on a large scale in North India. It is believed that goddess Parvati played dice with her husband, Lord Shiva on this day and she decreed that whosoever gambled on Diwali night would prosper throughout the ensuring year. This tradition of playing cards- Flush and Rummy with stakes on this particular day continues even today.

On this auspicious day Lord Shri Krishna around whom revolved the entire story of our great epic Mahabharat and the philosopher, who preached Karmayog through his Geeta to Arjun on the battlefield of Kurukshetra, discarded his body. Bhagwan, Mahavir, the Jain prophet also attained “Nirvana” on this day.

Swami Ramtirth, the beloved “Ram Badshah” of millions of Indians was not only born on this day and took “Sanyas” but also took “Samadhi”. Swami Dayanand Saraswati, founder of Arya Samaj in 1875 in Mumbai, with his superb yogic powers separated his soul from his body and mingled with divinity on this auspicious day of Diwali.

We kindle innumerable lights on this day to immortalise the sacred memories of those great men who lived to brighten the lives of millions of their fellow beings.

One very interesting story about this Diwali day is from Kathopanishad of a small boy called Nichiketa who believed that Yam, the god of Death was as black as the dark night of amavasya. But when he met Yam in person he was puzzled seeing Yam's calm countenance and dignified stature. Yam explained to Nichiketa on this Diwali day of amavasya that by only passing through the darkness of death, man sees the light of highest wisdom and then only his soul can escape from the bondage of his mortal frame to mingle with the Supreme Power without whose will not an atom moves in the world. And then Nichiketa realised the importance of worldly life and significance of death. All Nichiketa's doubts were set to rest and he whole-heartedly participated in the Diwali celebrations.

THE FOURTH DAY
THE fourth day is Padwa or Varsha-pratipada, which marks the coronation of King Vikramaditya and Vikaram-Samvat was started from this Padwa day.

Govardhan-Puja is also performed in North India on this day. As per Vishnu-Puran, the people of Gokul used to celebrate a festival in honour of Lord Indra and worshipped him after the end of every monsoon season, but one particular year the young Krishna stopped them from offering prayers to Lord Indra who in terrific anger sent a deluge to submerge Gokul. But Krishna saved his Gokul by lifting up the Govardhan mountain and holding it over the people as an umbrella.

Govardhan is a small hillock in Braj, near Mathura and on this day of Diwali the people of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar build cowdung hillocks, decorate them with flowers and then worship them.

This day is also observed as Annakoot meaning mountain of food. In templesm specially in Mathura and Nathadwara, the deities are given a milkbath, dressed in shining attire with ornaments of dazzling diamonds, pearls, rubies and other precious stones. After the prayers and traditional worship, innumerable varieties of delicious sweets are ceremoniously raised in the form of a mountain before the deities as “Bhog” and then the devotees approach the Mountain of Food and take Prasad from it.

Goddess Lakshmi is worshipped in every Hindu household and her blessings are sought for success and happiness. This day is looked upon as the most auspicious day to start any new venture. In many Hindu homes, it is a custom for the wife to put the red tilak on the forehead of her husband, garland him and do his Aarathi with a prayer for his long life. In appreciation of all the tender care that the wife showers on him, the husband gives her a costly gift. This Gudi Padwa is symbolic of love and devotion between the wife and husband. On this day newly-married daughters with their husbands are invited for special meals and given presents. In the past, brothers went to fetch their sisters from their in-laws home for this important day.

THE FIFTH DAY
THE FITH and final day of Diwali is known by the name of Bhayya-Duj in the Hindi-speaking belt Bhav-Bij in the Marathi-speaking communities and in Nepal by the name of Bhai-Tika . As the legend goes Yama, the God of Death visited his sister Yami on this particular day. She put the auspicious tilak on his forehead, garlanded him and fed him with special dishes and both of them together ate the sweets, talked and enjoyed themselves to their heart's content, while parting Yama gave her a special gift as a token of his love and in return Yami also gave him a lovely gift which she had made with her own hands. That day Yama announced that anyone who receives tilak from his sister will never be thrown out. That is why this day of Bhayyaduj is also known by the name of Yama-Dwitiya. Since then this day has been observed as a symbol of love between sisters and brothers. It became also imperative for the brother to go to his sister's house to celebrate Bhayyaduj .

In today's world when pressing everyday problems are teaming as under all the tender words of personal relationships, the celebration of this day has its own importance in continuing to maintain the love between brothers and sisters for it is the day of food-sharing, gift-giving and reaching out to the inner most depths of the hearts.

Diwali on the whole has always been the festival with more social than religious connotations. It is a personal, people-oriented festival when enmities are forgotten, families and friends meet, enjoy and establish a word of closeness.

As a festival of light and beauty, it encourages artistic expressions through home-decorations, stage-plays, elocution competitions singing and dancing programmes, making gift items and making delectable sweets thereby discovering new talents of younger people. As a result, innumerable communities with varying cultures and customs mingle together to make Diwali celebrations a very happy occasion for all.

Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore has so aptly put forth the true significance of Diwali in these beautiful lines:

The night is black

Kindle the lamp of love

With thy life and devotion.

Back